Naturalization is the process by which U.S. citizenship is granted to a lawful permanent resident after meeting the requirements established by Congress.
Once a permanent resident becomes a US Citizen, the person may vote in a federal election, stay indefinitely outside the United States without consequence, and generally can never lose their status.
To become a United States Citizen, an immigrant must be a permanent resident for at least five years (3 if residency obtained via marriage to a US Citizen), submit a form N-400, and pass an interview.
An applicant must also take an oath of allegiance to the United States of America.
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